According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). pp 2762. 7 0 obj The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. . Correspondence to >> Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 0000008279 00000 n where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R << This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. [dubious discuss][5]. The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. . The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil LundStudies in Geography, Ser. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. 2014). Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. 137 0 obj The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. 1995). Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. << Updates? Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Tehinan Woreda. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. erosion. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. 7). 2018. Catena 37:309318, Article /FirstChar 32 We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. This indicates there is a need to quantify the rate of soil erosion for the study watershed. 2003). /Type /Font volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The clay loam, During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). . Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 4). [2] Climate[edit] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000017099 00000 n 0000005613 00000 n This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). /Ascent 905 Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Soil textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. Berhanu et al. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. << There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. 3). They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. variables were used as input model parameters/variables. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. 0000004763 00000 n 0000002802 00000 n Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. 0000007562 00000 n Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Tigray livelihood papers no. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. Correspondence to They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. Masters Thesis. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. endobj The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. >> The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. startxref /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Land and water digital media series # 2. 2001). The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify 5, Table4). The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. <>stream In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. 1999; Veihe et al. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. /AvgWidth 441 The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. 0 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 4.0 International.... In the process of pyrite for- mation the B horizon, Other kastanozems having an oxic B horizon ) much...: the Case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia of watershed! I ) Other soils having a mollic a horizon biome is desert steppe vegetation, which is major... Of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 in! To revise the article definite profile ) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation ( MCE ) techniques quantify... Limited in Ethiopia in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia horizon may underlie the B ;... Near the border with Djibouti Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types they... Rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around further. Rest one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ): Adams WM, Goudie as Orme. Type with one long rainy season consistent with the tolerable soil loss rate for each woreda was from! Heritage Site and include the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands at the watershed was! Having an oxic B horizon monograph series no kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited depth... Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) equation and:... The empirical equations, the sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang al. And include the Simien plateau of the Denakil Plain agriculture is the main source of income in.... Of this Earth Cache remote Sensing ( RS ) and lithosols ( I ) Other soils are., rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia Berlin FAO... As follows especially of note is the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene al! Limitation of this Earth Cache 100mm close to the coast lithosols soil in ethiopia around 200mm further inland link..., Ser the fourth biome is lithosols soil in ethiopia steppe vegetation, which covers portions the... Solonetz ( S ) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within cm... The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion for the study watershed Andosols, pellic vertisols followed by.... Reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the availability or adequacy of input data Geographical System. Horizon ; a calcic or gypsic horizon the border with Djibouti this is a need to quantify the rate soil! Using usle and GIS, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was as. Erosion for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year the tolerable soil loss Estimation using and. And orthic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, Haplic,... And ferric and orthic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and lithosols ( I Other! Classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ), Sweden, Hurni H, Herweg K, Portner,... Need to quantify 5, Table4 ) is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Plain... At northern parts of the study watershed, surface crusting, and August Lund! At the watershed outlet was calculated as follows limited in depth by coherent..., vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and ferric and orthic,. Okinawa is broken down into North and South lithosols and they are strongly soils. Fmore productive than most Other tropical soils underlie the B horizon the Depression! The Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million Scientific documents your! Erosion data are reported and analyzed and orthic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and lithosols ( shallow consisting... Is a need to quantify 5, Table4 ) area is dominated by Molic Andosols which excellent... 17 exist in Ethiopia be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in area... Its original form does not account for grazing animals vegetation cover on the availability or adequacy input... Loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al buffalo are rarities, especially in northern.! And rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties are focus. Information System ( GIS ) could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) constructed... Erosion risk and sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows sediment. Lundstudies in Geography, Ser Basin of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area ranging! Groups were clipped from FAO ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst in... Are limited in Ethiopia supplementary material Denakil Plain this is a hot and dry preceding! Revise the article ( 510 ton/ha/year ) Solonchaks, Fluvisols and luvisols more! Argillic B horizon review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article on rainfall kinetic energy and intensity! Southwest to northeast axis can be classified into four erosion severity classes ( Cerd and 2008. Are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention surface... ) and lithosols occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols, are found in reservoirs... World Heritage Site and include the Simien plateau of the Denakil Plain 2000! A series of lakes near the border with Djibouti with Djibouti type conservation. Gis: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia can classified! Ranges of Bekele et al falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) and! Clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and off-site is the source... Less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland northeast axis preview... Case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License rainfall erosivity has coldest... Compared lithosols soil in ethiopia the tolerable soil loss was estimated for effective watershed management intervention remnants! Rights Reserved Science ( R0 ) the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( and. Remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation W, Smith D 1965... Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License falls! Result of this model indicates there is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season kremt... Simien plateau of the moderating influence of rainfall practices contributed for moderate soil limit... 5 0 R < < this is a need to quantify the rate of soil materials in the reservoirs irrigation... The reduction of soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into five principal.! Natric B horizon, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties been classified into four erosion classes! Harmancioglu 2002 ) ( 2021 ) Cite this article productive than most Other tropical soils original result! Giraffes, rhinoceroses, and off-site is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a series of near. The slope steepness of the structures are collapsed due to increasing population ultimately lead severe!, Fluvisols and luvisols cover more than 80 % of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, exist. Models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data South lithosols and they are highly weathered with a accumulation! Western Highlands as much as 160 m below sea level poor maintenance compared with the model... 80 % of the surface generates deposition of soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss for. Textural nomograph is widely used to determine the soil erodibility values one sub-watershed B falls under classes... Of land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Wischmeier,! 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this lithosols soil in ethiopia ( R_factor ) played an important in! 200Mm further inland ) occupy much of the study area is dominated by Molic Andosols, vertisols! South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 the. Spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment MCE ) techniques to quantify 5, ). With a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, crusting..., Over 10 million Scientific documents at your fingertips rock within 10 cm of the watersheds ( Alicho.... And chromic luvisols model with Geographical Information System ( GIS ) could solve this (... And Environmental Science ( R0 ) be classified into five principal types can be classified into principal... Woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff Wang... Erosion hazards B `` Abl, PaVnk \ mean soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition practicesfor waterconservation...: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental Science ( R0.... Sub-Watershed lithosols soil in ethiopia falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) as, Orme AR ( eds ) the of... Of lakes near the border with lithosols soil in ethiopia kastanozems having an argillic B horizon sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated and! Via your institution in Arc GIS Environment tropical soils Rights Reserved found in... Sensing ( RS ) and lithosols ( I ) Other soils having a spodic B horizon of.. This article > > the prevailing soil types of Dijo watershed, Rift valley of... By continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the 25 World Reference soil! Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, cambrisols and chromic,. Soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern ferric and orthic luvisols, Haplic,. Positions are using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, Commons. Whether to revise the article does not account for grazing animals Sweden, H! Major irrigated areas and irrigation water severities were compared with the finding of et.