SA and Hitler Youth units throughout Germany and its annexed territories engaged in the destruction of Jewish-owned homes and businesses. The name Kristallnacht comes from the sight of glass on the streets from the windows of synagogues, Jewish-owned businesses and homes being broken. (ed. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. Members of many units wore civilian clothes to support the fiction that the disturbances were expressions of 'outraged public reaction.'. On February 9, 1939, Senator Robert F. Wagner (D-NY) and Representative Edith Nourse Rogers (R-MA) introduced identical bills into Congress to offer refuge to 20,000 children under 14 from the Greater German Reich. Kristallnacht: Night Of Broken Glass Kristallnacht happened on the evening and early morning of November ninth and tenth of 1938. One reason was anxiety over the possibility that Nazi infiltrators would be encouraged to legally settle in America. . Definition. On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Germany and Austria. On the night of November 9, 1938, violent Nazi mobs viciously attacked the Jews and Jewish communities of Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. Enter the lesson word most nearly the opposite of the boldfaced word or words. Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal. "[73] Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, On the Jews and Their Lies was a "blueprint" for the Kristallnacht.[74]. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day is not a public holiday. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. olice arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. [33] One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter. It is also known as the "Night of Broken Glass". [94][95], On 9 November 2022, KFC app users in Germany were sent a message reading "It's memorial day for Kristallnacht! Die Hackeschen Hfe. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. "[19] The international vian Conference on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries. NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS - The Washington Post By Patricia Brennan November 6, 1988 The night of Nov. 9, 1938, was cold in Germany and Austria, and so was the message Adolf Hitler sent to Jews. [citation needed], The avant-garde guitarist Gary Lucas's 1988 composition "Verklrte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after Kristallnacht, "Hatikvah", with phrases from the German national anthem "Deutschland ber Alles" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of Kristallnacht. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". New York: Praeger, 1990. November 10, 1938. They helped with the destruction on Kristallnacht. All Wasted 10. Jews were required to pay for the cost of all damages caused by the pogrom to their residences and businesses. I have a right to live and the Jewish people have a right to exist on earth. Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. This nationwide riot became known as Kristallnacht or the "Night of Broken Glass." The name "Kristallnacht" is a reference to the shattered glass from store windows that littered the streets during and after the riot. Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] (listen)) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] (listen)),[1][2] was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 910 November 1938. The 17-year-old German refugee had just learned that his Polish-Jewish parents, along with thousands of other Jews, had been herded read more, The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitlers rise to power in 1933. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. They were involved in the destruction on Kristallnacht. Product Details. Torched synagogues. Glass in my thoughts. Shards of glass littered the streets. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Nazi officials ordered German police officers and firemen to do nothing as the riots raged and buildings burned, although firefighters were allowed to extinguish blazes that threatened Aryan-owned property. The Nazi government imposed a collective fine of one billion Reichsmarks (about $400 million in 1938) on the Jewish community. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries. Perhaps no headline so aptly summarized the danger for the Jews under the Nazi regime than that published on the front page of the Los Angeles Examiner on November 23, 1938: Nazis Warn World Jews Will Be Wiped Out Unless Evacuated By Democracies.. Nazi storm troopers and police rounding up Jewish men in Stadthagen, Germany. [83], In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. The principle was developed . Kristallnacht, also called the "Night of Broken Glass," was the start of a violent campaign launched on German Jewish people by Nazis on November 9, 1938. [28] Their seventeen-year-old son Herschel was living in Paris with an uncle. Sir Kristian Goldmund Aumann. On November 15th, President Roosevelt said, The news of the past few days from Germany has deeply shocked public opinion in the United States I myself could scarcely believe that such things could occur in a 20th-century civilization., But when asked ifhe would recommend relaxingthe countrys strict immigration lawsto allow more Jewish refugees into theUnited StatesFDRreplied, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system.. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Around the time of Kristallnacht, the SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps called for a "destruction by swords and flames." [70] Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population. I Know A Place 6. Hundreds died in the camps as a result of the brutal treatment they endured. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. The "night of broken glass" was a Nazi pogrom that foreshadowed the Holocaust. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. Corrections? Within two years, some German businesses were publicly announcing that they no longer serviced Jews. Beyond expressing outrage at the violence, the outside world did little to help. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). [86], In 2014, the Wall Street Journal published a letter from billionaire Thomas Perkins that compared the "progressive war on the American one percent" of wealthiest Americans and the Occupy movement's "demonization of the rich" to the Kristallnacht and antisemitism in Nazi Germany. [a] Modern analysis of German scholarly sources puts the figure much higher; when deaths from post-arrest maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included, the death toll reaches the hundreds, with Richard J. Evans estimating 638 deaths by suicide. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. Students will learn about these events by watching a short documentary and examining a range of firsthand accounts. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. "[10], Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. The synagogues, some centuries old, were also victims of considerable violence and vandalism, with the tactics the Stormtroops practiced on these and other sacred sites described as "approaching the ghoulish" by the United States Consul in Leipzig. November 9th 1938. Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. "[26] Conditions in the refugee camps "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.[27]. [49], The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. Many synagogues burned throughout the night in full view of the public and of local firefighters, who had received orders to intervene only to prevent flames from spreading to nearby buildings. Many spectators gathered on the scenes, most of them in silence. American newspapers across the country covered the Nazi assault on Jews in front-page, banner headlines, and articles about the events continued to appear for several weeks. The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogromswhich took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. Other Americans called for an increase in the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country. READ MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews16,000 personsover the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. [78], After the end of World War II, there were hundreds of trials over Kristallnacht. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time. [82], Five decades later, 9 November's association with the anniversary of Kristallnacht was cited as the main reason as to why Schicksalstag, the day the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national holiday; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, German reunification). Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination. Businesses have normal opening hours. After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. Wednesday marks 84 years since the November pogrom "Kristallnacht" or the Night of Broken Glass. About 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and deported to concentration camps in the German Reich in the immediate aftermath after Kristallnacht, the night of the Broken Glass, in November 1938. Sturmbateilung which means storm troopers. I cannot, he said, in any decent humanity, throw them out. Indeed, no Jews were forced to leave the United States to return to Nazi-occupied Europe for the duration of the war. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. Despite Roosevelts condemnation of the Nazi violence, the United States refused to ease the immigration restrictions it then had in place, constraints that prevented masses of German Jews from seeking safety in America. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day Observances Showing: While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. Gather the broken glass while wearing puncture-proof gloves so you do not touch it with your hands. Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht? The German authorities looked on without intervening. 13 terms. Wherever I have been I have been chased like an animal.. The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals. Many newspapers condemned Kristallnacht, with some of them comparing it to the murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia during the 1880s. [38], Mller, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated the "most extreme measures" were to be taken against Jewish people. [24] In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and future literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. They described the actions as justifiable and spontaneous responses of the German population to the assassination of a German diplomatic official, Ernst vom Rath, in Paris. Mass arrests. Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germanycamps that were specifically constructed to hold Jews, homosexuals, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. [96], "Crystal Night" redirects here. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. ", [caption=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea] - [credit=49cbef24-2268-408a-bac0-6273c9cdadea], Goebbels' words appear to have been taken as a command for unleashing the violence. It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jrgen Dscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi minister for public enlightenment and propaganda, immediately seized on the assassination to rile Hitlers supporters into an anti-Semitic frenzy. Identify the original Greek. The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan. The policy should necessitate the use of dustpans and brushes or other articles for the cleanup process. "[90], Kristallnacht has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,[91] and the two 2017 vandalisms of the New England Holocaust Memorial, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation. By the time the conference took place, more than 250,000 Jews had fled Germany and Austria, which had been annexed by Germany in March 1938; more than 300,000 German and Austrian Jews continued to seek refuge and asylum from oppression. ANS WE R: Na z i s a nd c ol l a bora t ors l a unc he d t he fi rs t na t i onwi de vi ol e nc e a ga i ns t Ge rm a ny's J e ws , de s t royi ng hundre ds of s yna gogue s a nd l oot i ng m ore t ha n 7,000 bus i ne s s e s . The event was called Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," because of the shattered glass from the store windows that cost over $5 million mark ($1,250,000 in U.S.) the next day 30,000 Jewish men were arrested for the being Jewish and sent to concentration camps. 78 ed.). Most did obtain release over the next three months on the condition that they begin the process of emigration from Germany. Package nonhazardous lab glass and plastic waste items in sturdy cardboard boxes. Why is the light so bright in the room". Despite the outward appearance of spontaneous violence, and the local cast which the pogrom took on in various regions throughout the Reich, the central orders Heydrich relayed gave specific instructions: the "spontaneous" rioters were to take no measures endangering non-Jewish German life or property; they were not to subject foreigners (even Jewish foreigners) to violence; and they were to remove all synagogue archives prior to vandalizing synagogues and other properties of the Jewish communities, and to transfer that archival material to the Security Service (Sicherheitsdienst, or SD). New York: Berg, 1991. All Over Again 4. Also known as brown shirts. C. salon [54], The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities". "[16] Their rights as citizens had been stripped. View the list of all donors. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. Another Person 3. "[58], The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless. This is what the Nazis say caused Kristallnacht. A Nationwide Pogrom. "[75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. "Night of Broken Glass" is an original, inspirational, inclusive and collaborative musical theatre production commemorating the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht as seen through the eyes of Indigenous human rights activist, William Cooper. This was the first time Nazi officials made massive arrests of Jews specifically because they were Jews, without any further cause for arrest. This event came to be called Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass) because of the shattered glass that littered the streets after the vandalism and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. [9] British historian Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention. After Kristallnacht, the Nazi regime made Jewish survival in Germany impossible. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an . New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Rath died two days later from his wounds, and Hitler attended his funeral. He announced that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the Party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. The Kristillnacht, or Night of Broken Glass, marked one of the most truly horrific and gut-wrenching events of World War II - and a harbinger of the satanic . The violence of Kristallnacht served notice to Jews worldwide that Nazi anti-Semitism was not a temporary predicament and would only intensify. As a result, many Jews began to plan an escape from their native land. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and murdered close to 100 Jews. "[81], While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. [32], The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers. Schools were ransacked, as the attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. German officials refused to accept the tendered document. "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork."[43]. [40][6] Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. Chapter 13 Test Study Guide. Although the violence was orchestrated at the highest levels, the Nazis called it a spontaneous reaction to the assassination of a low-level German diplomat in Paris. Legislation restricted access to public transport. In what ways might the Three Mile Island incident affect policy today. How did the conquest and creation of an empire exemplify the central values of Mexican society? Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. The violence was instigated primarily by Nazi Party officials and members of the SA (Sturmabteilung: commonly known as Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth. Hear the fear in this night. Thus, Kristallnacht figures as an essential turning point in Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, which culminated in the attempt to annihilate the European Jews. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. Learn about Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), November 910, 1938 propaganda. As retaliation, on November 7, 1938, the agitated teenager shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat in Paris. 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