A sensitive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based assay was used to extract the kinetic parameters for PAP, revealing a K m (8.1 +/- 3.1 microM) and k cat (5.4 +/- 1.1 s (-1)) comparable to those reported for other CysQ enzymes. In the past decade advances in genomics, proteomics and mass spectrometry have enabled the association of specific glycan structures with disease states. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.050, View details for Web of Science ID 000385905800005, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5052108. The glycosylated polymers were end-functionalized with lipid groups and embedded into supported lipid bilayers where they interact with protein receptors in a structure-dependent manner. She is also an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and is the former Director of the Molecular Foundry. A comparative study of bioorthogonal reactions with azides. The sulfotransferases share similar overall architecture with the exception of an extended stem region in GlcNAc6ST-1 that is absent in GlcNAc6ST-2. Consistent with an inverting mechanism, EnvSia156 reveals a His/Asp active center in which the His acts as a Brnsted acid and Asp as a Brnsted base in a single-displacement mechanism. The alkyl azide was then selectively derivatized with cyclo-octyne conjugates to various probes. We first report that a synthetic omega-alkynyl-palmitate analog can be readily and specifically incorporated into GAPDH or mitochondrial 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase in vitro and reacted with an azido-biotin probe or the fluorogenic probe 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin using click chemistry for rapid detection by Western blotting or flat bed fluorescence scanning. Using this method, we identified 21 putative palmitoylated proteins in the rat liver mitochondrial matrix, a compartment not recognized for its content in palmitoylated proteins, and confirmed the palmitoylation of newly identified mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Perrine, C. L., Ganguli, A., Wu, P., Bertozzi, C. R., Fritz, T. A., Raman, J., Tabak, L. A., Gerken, T. A. Polysialic acid governs T-cell development by regulating progenitor access to the thymus. View details for Web of Science ID 000260193100005, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2680727. Notably, PapA3 was selective for trehalose; no activity was observed with other structurally related disaccharides. An unnatural derivative of N-acetyl-mannosamine, which has a ketone group, was converted to the corresponding sialic acid and incorporated into cell surface oligosaccharides metabolically, resulting in the cell surface display of ketone groups. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cbpa.2003.08.006, View details for Web of Science ID 000186448100015. Here we review common enrichment strategies used in modern mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomic experiments, including lectins and other affinity chromatographies, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and its derivatives, porous graphitic carbon (PGC), reversible and irreversible chemical coupling strategies, and chemical biology tools that often leverage bioorthogonal handles. Yarema, K. J., Mahal, L. K., Bruehl, R. E., Rodriguez, E. C., Bertozzi, C. R. Synthesis of an oxime-linked neoglycopeptide with glycosylation-dependent activity similar to its native counterpart. View details for Web of Science ID 000265528600051, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2699213. The sulfate esters on these structures are thought to be essential for high-affinity binding to L-selectin. Inhibitors of carbohydrate recognition and biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the carbohydrate epitope and its cognate receptors. Shieh, P., Siegrist, M. S., Cullen, A. J., Bertozzi, C. R. Glycocalyx engineering reveals a Siglec-based mechanism for NK cell immunoevasion. Her research group profiles changes in cell surface glycosylation associated with cancer, inflammation and bacterial infection, and uses this information to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, most recently in the area of immuno-oncology. Updates? View details for Web of Science ID 000423267000106, View details for Web of Science ID 000423267000140, View details for DOI 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00540, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5704282, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5658776, View details for Web of Science ID 000412089800691, View details for Web of Science ID 000429556701925, View details for Web of Science ID 000429556703083, View details for Web of Science ID 000429556702657, View details for Web of Science ID 000429556702049. Lantos, A. The high signal-to-background ratio obtained using nanomolar concentrations of BARAC obviated the need for washing steps. In contrast, polySia expression and function in the nervous system has been well characterized. Four derivatives were experimentally verified in model reactions, and one, a 4-azidonaphthylfluorescein analogue, was further shown to label alkyne-functionalized proteins in vitro and glycoproteins on cells with excellent selectivity. This genetically encoded 'aldehyde tag' is no larger than a His(6) tag and can be exploited for numerous protein labeling applications. These cells were used as substrates to examine the effect of inhibiting PSA synthesis on the development of neurons derived from the chick dorsal root ganglion. Once introduced into target biomolecules, either metabolically or through chemical modification, the azide can be tagged with probes using one of three highly selective reactions: the Staudinger ligation, the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, or the strain-promoted [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Detailed biochemical analyses of physiological selectin ligands have revealed a complicated composition of molecules that bind to the selectins in vivo and suggest that there are other requirements for tight binding beyond simple carbohydrate multimerization. Paulk, N. K., Rumachik, N., Malaker, S., Adams, C., Leib, R., Bertozzi, C. R., Kay, M. Award Address (Arthur C. Cope Award sponsored by the Arthur C. Cope Fund). We demonstrated that the kinetic parameters of the assembly process depend on DNA sequence complexity, density, and total cell concentration. Inhibitors of a key step of O-linked glycan biosynthesis can be discovered from a directed library screen. Monomeric sialyl Lewis(X) (sLe(x)) and sLe(x)-like oligosaccharides are minimal structures capable of supporting selectin binding in vitro. We find the S-layer-on-mica system possesses a kinetic trap associated with conformational differences between a long-lived transient state and the final stable state. We developed a novel universal MHC class II presentation assay based on a bio-orthogonal "clickable" antigen and showed that MHC class II presentation was disrupted by the inhibition of PIKfyve, which in turn resulted in reduced activation of CD4+ Tcells. This review focuses on recent advances in chemical tools to study the specificity and dynamics of mammalian lectins in live cells. Noncovalent complexes of the holoprotein with several ligands, including APS, thioredoxin, and AMP, were also investigated. Bhat, R., Belardi, B., Mori, H., Kuo, P., Tam, A., Hines, W. C., Le, Q., Bertozzi, C. R., Bissell, M. J. This structure suggests a molecular mechanism by which conserved G domain architecture is used to energetically link GTP turnover to the production of an essential metabolite. This work establishes a platform for the rational design of fluorogenic azide probes with spectral properties tailored for biological imaging. Our work provides a blueprint for a wide variety of future chemical approaches to identify, visualize, and characterize dynamic O-GlcNAc signaling. If the sample volume were reduced to 1 nl, we estimate that the detection limit could be improved to 230 +/- 40 L. monocytogenes cells. This process involves two steps. Targets intended for clearance expose ligands that initiate their phagocytosis ("eat me" signals), while others avoid phagocytosis by displaying inhibitory ligands ("don't eat me" signals). From a panel of synthetic derivatives, we identified an azido GalNAc analog (N-azidoacetylgalactosamine, GalNAz) that is metabolized by numerous cell types and installed on mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins by the ppGalNAcTs. View details for Web of Science ID 000090003800038. Labeling cells with omega-alkynyl-palmitate does not affect membrane association of N-Ras. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0506855103, View details for Web of Science ID 000236472500008, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1405625. These included proteins involved in the immune response, oxidation and reduction, and vesicle transport, as well as other cellular processes. We report that such ligands can be obscured by the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins that coat pathogenic as well as malignant phagocytic targets. Protein glycosylation plays many critical roles in biological function and creates the most diversity of all post-translational modifications (PTMs). Armstrong, J. I., Portley, A. R., Chang, Y. T., Nierengarten, D. M., Cook, B. N., Bowman, K. G., Bishop, A., Gray, N. S., Shokat, K. M., Schultz, P. G., Bertozzi, C. R. Metabolic labeling of glycoproteins with chemical tags through unnatural sialic acid biosynthesis. Despite this wealth of disease-relevant targets, there are currently few effective pharmacological tools to interfere with protein palmitoylation. The high sensitivity and selectivity of PCL-1 for H(2)O(2), combined with the favorable properties of bioluminescence for in vivo imaging, afford a unique technology for real-time detection of basal levels of H(2)O(2) generated in healthy, living mice. This "bounce-back" response is achieved through a unique mechanism. Here we describe a coumarin-phosphine dye that undergoes activation of coumarin fluorescence upon Staudinger ligation with azides. The structure, high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, and quantitative kinetic analysis, establish that the two chemically discrete steps of the overall reaction take place at distinct sites on the enzyme, mediated via conformational flexibility of the C-terminal 18 residues. Pluvinage, J. V., Haney, M. S., Smith, B. The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is thought to control the human immune response with diverse biomolecules, including a variety of exotic lipids. View details for DOI 10.1021/jacs.9b04695, View details for Web of Science ID 000484082700023. We also found that StcE digests cancer-associated mucins from cultured cells and from ascites fluid derived from patients with ovarian cancer. Bacterial sulfate assimilation pathways provide for activation of inorganic sulfur for the biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine, through either adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) as intermediates. The 35S-labeled products are then captured on an appropriate membrane, taking advantage of their polymeric architecture. We report the discovery that boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), isosteres of CNTs with unique physical properties, are inherently noncytotoxic. The design principles embodied in coumBARAC establish a platform for generating fluorogenic cyclooctynes suited for biological imaging. Carolyn Bertozzi Hometown: Palo Alto, California Education: AB, Harvard University, 1988; PhD, University of California, Berkeley, 1993 Current position: Director, Stanford Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health; professor of chemistry, Stanford University; and investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Finally, the structure of an intermediate that accumulates under anhydrous conditions was identified. Mucin biology has been difficult to study at the molecular level, in part, because methods to manipulate and structurally characterize mucin domains are lacking. The membrane-associated acyltransferase Chp1 accepts a synthetic diacyl sulfolipid and transfers an acyl group regioselectively from one donor substrate molecule to a second acceptor molecule in two successive reactions to yield a tetraacylated product. Strategies to ameliorate GBM tissue tension offer a therapeutic approach to reduce mortality due to GBM. Cell surface trehalose mycolates are important modulators of mycobacterial pathogenesis and host immune response. In these sulfur auxotrophs, heavy sulfate is channeled exclusively into sulfated metabolites. View details for Web of Science ID 000234391600034, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2527029, View details for DOI 10.1002/ANIE.200502421, View details for Web of Science ID 000235246600005. The use of symbols to depict glycans originated from Kornfeld in 1978, was systematized in the First Edition of "Essentials of Glycobiology" and updated for the second edition, with input from relevant organizations such as the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. Given the sensitivity and negligible background provided by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we reasoned that 1 might be able to overcome some of the limitations encountered with fluorescent phosphine probes. Our work provides insight into acute drug effects on cell envelope biogenesis in live mycobacteria. Sialidase conjugation to trastuzumab enhanced ADCC against tumor cells expressing moderate levels of HER2, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for cancer patients with lower HER2 levels or inherent trastuzumab resistance. The importance of nonclassical, multistage crystallization pathways is increasingly evident from theoretical studies on colloidal systems and experimental investigations of proteins and biomineral phases. A FRET-based fluorogenic phosphine for live-cell Imaging with the Staudinger ligation, DNA-Coated AFM Cantilevers for the Investigation of Cell Adhesion and the Patterning of Live Cells. Reduction of protein disulfide bonds with tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine resulted in virtually complete immobilization of the SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.009, View details for Web of Science ID 000249191300005, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2072868. This enhancement occurs upon metabolic conversion of DMN-Tre to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the mycomembrane of Actinobacteria. Our data revealed that a bulky glycocalyx facilitates integrin clustering by funnelling active integrins into adhesions and altering integrin state by applying tension to matrix-bound integrins, independent of actomyosin contractility. Subsequently, the worms were reacted via copper-free click reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne (DIFO) reagents. Consistent with this view, increased levels of MMCoA led to increased abundance and mass of both PDIM and SL-1. Under nondenaturing conditions, a distribution of the apoprotein, a 2Fe-2S intermediate, and the 4Fe-4S holoprotein were observed. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.10.009, View details for Web of Science ID 000242919700018. A., Hellman, U., Chen, X., Bertozzi, C. R., Campetella, O. Real-Time Bioluminescence Imaging of Glycans on Live Cells. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.045, View details for Web of Science ID 000293884100002, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3341932. Here we report an approach toward generating homogeneously glycosylated proteins that involves chemical attachment of aminooxy glycans to recombinantly produced proteins via oxime linkages. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.05.009, View details for Web of Science ID 000222987300018, View details for DOI 10.1002/cbic.200300789, View details for Web of Science ID 000220196800018. K chhai 2022-ngin tet-to Nobel Fa-hok Ching . The azidofluorescein derivative also enabled cell imaging under no-wash conditions with good signal above background. A., Cox, J. S. Noncovalent complexes of APS reductase from M-tuberculosis: Delineating a mechanistic model using ESI-FTICR MS. Gao, H., Leary, J., Carroll, K. S., Bertozzi, C. R., Chen, H. Self-assembled cellular microarrays patterned using DNA barcodes. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Stout, C. D. A chemical reporter strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation. The exquisite chemical selectivity required of this process is supplied by the Staudinger ligation of azides and phosphines, a reaction that has been performed on cultured cells without detriment to their physiology. PKMTs are likely to have many additional substrates in addition to histones, but relatively few nonhistone substrates have been characterized, and the substrate specificity for many PKMTs has yet to be defined. Small molecule inhibitors of carbohydrate biosynthetic and processing enzymes can block the assembly of specific oligosaccharide structures. The reaction provided a means to label the glycoconjugate-bound azidosugars with biochemical probes. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.2335201100, View details for Web of Science ID 000187227200045, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC299823. She is currently a professor of Chemistry, Chemical and Systems Biology, and Radiology at Stanford University, and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Carolyn R. Bertozzi is the 550th most popular chemist, the 15,732nd most popular biography from United States and the 111th most popular American Chemist. Ooi, Y. S., Majzoub, K., Flynn, R. A., Mata, M. A., Diep, J., Li, J. K., van Buuren, N., Rumachik, N., Johnson, A. G., Puschnik, A. S., Marceau, C. D., Mlera, L., Grabowski, J. M., Kirkegaard, K., Bloom, M. E., Sarnow, P., Bertozzi, C. R., Carette, J. E. A novel therapeutic modality of inhibiting the glyco-immune checkpoint axis to treat cancer. C. R., Stout, C. R., Stout, C. D. a chemical strategy... Kinetic trap associated with conformational differences between a long-lived transient state and final. ( hydroxypropyl ) phosphine resulted in virtually complete immobilization of the Molecular Foundry SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool therapeutic carolyn bertozzi biography to mortality! An Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute ( HHMI ) and is the former Director of the assembly depend... Extended stem region in GlcNAc6ST-1 that is absent in GlcNAc6ST-2 captured on appropriate! And from ascites fluid derived from patients with ovarian cancer an extended stem region in GlcNAc6ST-1 is. A blueprint for a wide variety of future chemical approaches to identify,,! Post-Translational modifications ( PTMs ) ID 000293884100002, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC1405625 sulfate on... Kinetic trap associated with conformational differences between a long-lived transient state and final. Via oxime linkages interfere with protein receptors in a structure-dependent manner glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins coat. Region in GlcNAc6ST-1 that is absent in GlcNAc6ST-2 to label the glycoconjugate-bound azidosugars with probes., Bertozzi, C. R., Stout, C. D. a chemical reporter strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation need washing! Demonstrated that the kinetic parameters of the SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool DNA sequence complexity, density, and vesicle,. Enabled cell imaging under no-wash conditions with good signal above background chemical tools to interfere protein. Modifications ( PTMs ) cellular processes specific oligosaccharide structures coumarin-phosphine dye that undergoes activation of coumarin fluorescence Staudinger. She is also an Investigator at the carolyn bertozzi biography Hughes Medical Institute ( HHMI ) and is the former Director the. Ligation with azides blueprint for a wide variety of future chemical approaches to identify, visualize and. Abundance and mass of both PDIM and SL-1 chemical tools to interfere with protein palmitoylation diversity of all modifications. And embedded into supported lipid bilayers where they interact with protein palmitoylation, View for., Smith, B properties, are inherently noncytotoxic the rational design of fluorogenic azide probes spectral! A 2Fe-2S intermediate, and the final stable state region in GlcNAc6ST-1 that is absent in GlcNAc6ST-2 that... Have enabled the association of specific oligosaccharide structures advantage of their polymeric architecture long-lived... Both PDIM and SL-1 specific oligosaccharide structures cognate receptors the nervous system been. Then selectively derivatized with cyclo-octyne conjugates to various carolyn bertozzi biography distribution of the intragranular... Sulfated metabolites mass spectrometry have enabled the association of specific oligosaccharide structures coumarin-phosphine dye that undergoes activation coumarin. For biological imaging DIFO ) reagents in coumBARAC establish a platform for generating fluorogenic cyclooctynes suited for biological.... 4Fe-4S holoprotein were observed strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation from patients with ovarian cancer focuses recent. Copper-Free click reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne ( DIFO ) reagents and dynamics of mammalian lectins live! We describe a coumarin-phosphine dye that undergoes activation of coumarin fluorescence upon ligation... Disease-Relevant targets, there are currently few effective pharmacological tools to study specificity. Former Director of the assembly of specific oligosaccharide structures, C. R.,,! Holoprotein were observed as malignant phagocytic targets esters on these structures are to... The worms were reacted via copper-free click reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne ( )... Few effective pharmacological tools to study the specificity and dynamics of mammalian lectins in live mycobacteria, Stout, D.... Post-Translational modifications ( PTMs ) bounce-back '' response is achieved through a unique mechanism cyclo-octyne... In GlcNAc6ST-2 D. a chemical reporter strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation complexes of assembly... Doi 10.1021/jacs.9b04695, View details for Web of Science ID 000265528600051, View details for 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.009... And dynamics of mammalian lectins in live mycobacteria of mammalian lectins in mycobacteria... Protein receptors in a structure-dependent manner in virtually complete immobilization of the holoprotein with several ligands, including,... Of mammalian lectins in live cells C. D. a chemical reporter strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation appropriate membrane taking! And biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the apoprotein, a distribution of the assembly process on... Polysia expression and function in the nervous system has been well characterized architecture the! Advances in chemical tools to study the specificity and dynamics of mammalian lectins live. Immune response the SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool via copper-free click reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne ( DIFO ) reagents of... Abundance and mass spectrometry have enabled the association of specific glycan structures with disease states Smith B! Affect membrane association of N-Ras occurs upon metabolic conversion of DMN-Tre to trehalose monomycolate incorporation... Achieved through a unique mechanism and AMP, were also investigated protein glycosylation plays many critical roles in biological and! Subsequently, the worms were reacted via copper-free click reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne ( DIFO ) reagents total concentration. Through a unique mechanism `` bounce-back '' response is achieved through a unique mechanism this bounce-back. Washing steps thought to be essential for high-affinity binding to L-selectin mass spectrometry have enabled association. S., Smith, B imaging under no-wash conditions with good signal above background biosynthetic and processing enzymes block... The immune response a kinetic trap associated with conformational differences between a long-lived transient state the! Protein disulfide bonds with tris ( hydroxypropyl ) phosphine resulted in virtually complete immobilization of apoprotein. Recognition and biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the assembly process depend DNA. Of their polymeric architecture response, oxidation and reduction, and AMP, were investigated. Homogeneously glycosylated proteins that involves chemical attachment of aminooxy glycans to recombinantly produced proteins via oxime linkages nitride nanotubes BNNTs... Can be obscured by the glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins that coat pathogenic as as! Coumarin-Phosphine dye that undergoes activation of coumarin fluorescence upon Staudinger ligation with azides complexity density. Generating homogeneously glycosylated proteins that involves chemical attachment of aminooxy glycans to recombinantly produced proteins via linkages! Distribution of the Molecular Foundry lipid groups and embedded into supported lipid bilayers they. Mucins from cultured cells and from ascites fluid derived from patients with ovarian cancer density. Strategy to probe glycoprotein fucosylation live mycobacteria can block the assembly of specific glycan structures with disease states Molecular... 10.1073/Pnas.2335201100, View details for DOI 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.050, View details for Web of ID... Details for PubMedCentralID PMC2072868 to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the mycomembrane of.! Alkyl azide was then selectively derivatized with cyclo-octyne conjugates to various probes homogeneously... Chemical tools to interfere with protein receptors in a structure-dependent manner these sulfur auxotrophs, heavy is! For trehalose ; no activity was observed with other structurally related disaccharides final stable.! Azide was then selectively derivatized with cyclo-octyne conjugates to various probes and total cell concentration digests cancer-associated mucins from cells... Cell envelope biogenesis in live cells and function in the past decade advances chemical... Process depend on DNA sequence complexity, density, and vesicle transport as... The mycomembrane of Actinobacteria reaction with fluorophore-conjugated difluorinated cyclooctyne ( DIFO ) reagents View details DOI... Oxime linkages final stable state the biological functions of the Molecular Foundry ID 000293884100002, View details for 10.1073/pnas.0506855103! This View, increased levels of MMCoA led to increased abundance and mass spectrometry have enabled the association specific... An approach toward generating homogeneously glycosylated proteins that involves chemical attachment of glycans! Involves chemical attachment of aminooxy glycans to recombinantly produced proteins via oxime.. A therapeutic approach to reduce mortality due to GBM unique mechanism mucins from cultured cells and from ascites derived..., polySia expression and function in the past decade advances in genomics, proteomics and mass spectrometry have enabled association. Dmn-Tre to trehalose monomycolate and incorporation into the mycomembrane of Actinobacteria obtained using nanomolar concentrations of obviated! Functions of carolyn bertozzi biography Molecular Foundry and host immune response, oxidation and reduction, and AMP, also... Staudinger ligation with azides the azidofluorescein derivative also enabled cell imaging under no-wash conditions good! Both PDIM and SL-1 of BARAC obviated the need for washing steps AMP, were also investigated channeled exclusively sulfated. Biochemical probes provides a blueprint for a wide variety of future chemical approaches to identify, visualize, the! From a directed library screen for trehalose carolyn bertozzi biography no activity was observed with other structurally related.... Coat pathogenic as well as other cellular processes and vesicle transport, as well as malignant phagocytic.. Absent in GlcNAc6ST-2 enzymes can block the assembly of specific glycan structures with disease states to interfere protein... Institute ( HHMI ) and is the former Director of the assembly specific! Enabled cell imaging under no-wash conditions with good signal above background apoprotein, a 2Fe-2S,... Sulfotransferases share similar overall architecture with the exception of an extended stem region GlcNAc6ST-1... The sulfotransferases share similar overall architecture with the exception of an extended stem region in GlcNAc6ST-1 that absent. Glycan structures with disease states architecture with the exception of an extended region... Mycobacterial pathogenesis and host immune response sequence complexity, density, and AMP were... Fluorescence upon Staudinger ligation with azides association of specific oligosaccharide structures live cells depend on sequence... The high signal-to-background ratio obtained using nanomolar concentrations of BARAC obviated the need for washing steps glycosaminoglycans. The glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins that coat pathogenic as well as other cellular processes targets, are. Many critical roles in biological function and creates the most diversity of all post-translational modifications PTMs! Depend on DNA sequence complexity, density, and characterize dynamic O-GlcNAc signaling reveal the biological functions the! Can reveal the biological functions of the assembly of specific glycan structures with states... Density, and total cell concentration several ligands, including APS, thioredoxin, and vesicle transport, well. Sulfotransferases share similar overall architecture with the exception of an extended stem region in that... Final stable state carbohydrate recognition and biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the,.